38 research outputs found
EFFICIENT DYNAMIC ADDRESSING BASED ROUTING FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
This thesis presents a study about the problem of data gathering in the inhospitable
underwater environment. Besides long propagation delays and high error probability,
continuous node movement also makes it difficult to manage the routing information
during the process of data forwarding. In order to overcome the problem of large
propagation delays and unreliable link quality, many algorithms have been proposed
and some of them provide good solutions for these issues, yet continuous node
movements still need attention. Considering the node mobility as a challenging task,
a distributed routing scheme called Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-
DAB) routing protocol is proposed where every node in the network will be assigned
a routable address quickly and efficiently without any explicit configuration or any
dimensional location information. According to our best knowledge, H2-DAB is first
addressing based routing approach for underwater wireless sensor networks
(UWSNs) and not only has it helped to choose the routing path faster but also
efficiently enables a recovery procedure in case of smooth forwarding failure. The
proposed scheme provides an option where nodes is able to communicate without
any centralized infrastructure, and a mechanism furthermore is available where
nodes can come and leave the network without having any serious effect on the rest
of the network. Moreover, another serious issue in UWSNs is that acoustic links are
subject to high transmission power with high channel impairments that result in
higher error rates and temporary path losses, which accordingly restrict the
efficiency of these networks. The limited resources have made it difficult to design a
protocol which is capable of maximizing the reliability of these networks. For this
purpose, a Two-Hop Acknowledgement (2H-ACK) reliability model where two
copies of the same data packet are maintained in the network without extra burden
on the available resources is proposed. Simulation results show that H2-DAB can
easily manage during the quick routing changes where node movements are very
frequent yet it requires little or no overhead to efficiently complete its tasks
EFFICIENT DYNAMIC ADDRESSING BASED ROUTING FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
This thesis presents a study about the problem of data gathering in the inhospitable
underwater environment. Besides long propagation delays and high error probability,
continuous node movement also makes it difficult to manage the routing information
during the process of data forwarding. In order to overcome the problem of large
propagation delays and unreliable link quality, many algorithms have been proposed
and some of them provide good solutions for these issues, yet continuous node
movements still need attention. Considering the node mobility as a challenging task,
a distributed routing scheme called Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-
DAB) routing protocol is proposed where every node in the network will be assigned
a routable address quickly and efficiently without any explicit configuration or any
dimensional location information. According to our best knowledge, H2-DAB is first
addressing based routing approach for underwater wireless sensor networks
(UWSNs) and not only has it helped to choose the routing path faster but also
efficiently enables a recovery procedure in case of smooth forwarding failure. The
proposed scheme provides an option where nodes is able to communicate without
any centralized infrastructure, and a mechanism furthermore is available where
nodes can come and leave the network without having any serious effect on the rest
of the network. Moreover, another serious issue in UWSNs is that acoustic links are
subject to high transmission power with high channel impairments that result in
higher error rates and temporary path losses, which accordingly restrict the
efficiency of these networks. The limited resources have made it difficult to design a
protocol which is capable of maximizing the reliability of these networks. For this
purpose, a Two-Hop Acknowledgement (2H-ACK) reliability model where two
copies of the same data packet are maintained in the network without extra burden
on the available resources is proposed. Simulation results show that H2-DAB can
easily manage during the quick routing changes where node movements are very
frequent yet it requires little or no overhead to efficiently complete its tasks
Macroeconomic Effects of Global Food and Oil Price Shocks to the Pakistan Economy: A Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) Analysis.
This study examines the transmission channels through which
the global food and oil price shocks affects selected macroeconomic
variables including inflation rate, output, money balances, interest
rate and real effective exchange rate for Pakistan using monthly data
over the period 1990M1-2011M7. An empirical analysis is carried out by
employing structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework. Generalised
Impulse Response Functions and Generalised Forecast Variance
Decompositions are employed to track the impact of oil and food price
shocks to Pakistan‘s economy. Results suggest that oil price shock
affects industrial production, appreciates real effective exchange rate
negatively and affect inflation and interest rate positively. Whereas,
following food price shocks, industrial output increases. Similarly,
interest rate and inflation rate responds positively following food
price shocks. However, the variation in interest rate due to food price
shock is relatively larger than that of oil price shocks. Generalised
impulse response functions reveal that real effective exchange rate is
most important source of disturbances following either oil price or food
price shocks. Generalised forecast variance decompositions analysis also
supports the findings based on generalised impulse response functions.
The result clearly reveals that oil and food price shocks significantly
affect output, short-term interest rate, inflation rate and real
effective exchange rate. However, among all, real effective exchange
rate has seen a dominant source of variations in Pakistan. This implies
that supply-side and demand-side disturbances originated by external
shocks are the major sources of inflation (stagflation) in Pakistan.
Keywords: Oil and Food Price Shocks, SVAR, GIRFs, GFEVDs,
Pakista
Foreign Aid—Blessing or Curse: Evidence from Pakistan
The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth is a
debatable issue and remains unsettled at both theoretical and empirical
levels. Pakistan has received a substantial amount of foreign aid since
its Independence in 1947 but little improvement has been observed in its
socio-economic development. This study considers the question as to
whether foreign aid is a blessing or a curse for Pakistan. The empirical
analysis is based on the ARDL cointegration approach. We examine the
aid-growth link at the aggregate and disaggregate levels for the period
1972-2006. The results show negative and insignificant effects of
foreign aid on the growth at the aggregate as well at the disaggregate
level. The findings further suggest that domestic investment, export
growth, and inflows of foreign direct investment are important
contributors in enhancing economic growth in Pakistan. JEL
classification: C13, C22, F23, F35, O11 Keywords: Foreign Aid, Economic
Growth, FDI, Cointegratio
Modelling Trade, Investment, Growth and Liberalisation: Case Study of Pakistan
The role of trade in economic development as an engine of
economic growth has been at the centre of hot policy debates over the
past four decades. History supports the success of import liberalisation
policy in the United States of America (USA) in the 1940s, Japan in
1960s and the exports promotion achievements of Asian Tigers in the
1970s and 1980s [Yen (2009)].1 There is no doubt that increased movement
of goods and services across international borders over the past few
decades has helped developing countries to achieve faster and
sustainable growth. Many researchers argued that free trade has a key
ingredient in facilitating transfer of technology from developed to
developing countries [Heokman and Javorcik (2006) and Harding and
Javorcik (2012)]. Theoretical literature suggest that trade
liberalisation enhances economic growth and development through the
specialisation and technological developments. The theoretical link
between international trade and economic development can be traced back
to the earlier writings of Classical Economists (Adam Smith and David
Ricardo) and Neoclassical Economists (Heckscher and Ohlin) in the early
part of nineteenth century. The Classical Economists hypothesised that
nations gain from trade, and World production would grow when trading
nations specialise according to the principles of comparative advantage.
On the other hand, the Neo-classical Economists argued that countries
will tend to specialise in those products that use abundant resources
intensively in the production process. As a consequence, factors prices
will tend to equalise across trading nations if production technologies
remain identical throughout the world (Stolper-Samuelson
approach)
Foreign Aid-Blessing or Curse: Evidence from Pakistan
The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth is a debatable issue and remains unsettled at both theoretical and empirical levels. Pakistan has received a substantial amount of foreign aid since its Independence in 1947 but little improvement has been observed in its socio-economic development. This study considers the question as to whether foreign aid is a blessing or a curse for Pakistan. The empirical analysis is based on the ARDL cointegration approach. We examine the aid-growth link at the aggregate and disaggregate levels for the period 1972 2006. The results show negative and insignificant effects of foreign aid on the growth at the aggregate as well at the disaggregate level. The findings further suggest that domestic investment, export growth, and inflows of foreign direct investment are important contributors in enhancing economic growth in Pakistan.Foreign Aid, Economic Growth, FDI, Cointegration
Comparative study of biological activity of glutathione, sodium tungstate and glutathione-tungstate mixture
Glutathione (GSH) and sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) are important pharmacological agents. They provide protection to cells against cytotoxic agents and thus reduce their cytotoxicity. It was of interest to study the biological activity of these two pharmacological active agents. Different strains of bacteria were used and the zone of inhibition was determined for GSH, Na2WO4 and GSH+ Na2WO4 mixture. The results show high antibacterial activity of GSH as compared to Na2WO4 and Na2WO4+GSH mixture. It was observed that GSH antibacterial activity was significantly lowered upon addition of Na2WO4 to GSH aqueous solution. The results conclude with the proposed formation of W-SG complex in aqueous solution.Key words: Glutathione, sodium tungstate, antibacterial activity, strains of bacteria
Scalable heterogeneous nodes deployment algorithm for monitoring of underwater pipeline
Underwater Wireless Linear Sensor Networks (UW-LSNs) possess unique features as compared to the terrestrial sensor networks for pipeline monitoring. Other than long propagation delays for long range underwater pipelines and high error probability, homogeneous node deployment also makes it harder to detect and locate the pipeline leakage efficiently. Determining the exact leakage position with minimum delay stays a major issue where pipelines length is extremely long and expensive to deploy many underwater sensors. In order to tackle the problem of large scale pipeline monitoring and unreliable underwater link quality, many algorithms have been proposed and even some of them provided good solutions for these issues but the scalable nodes deployments still need focus and prime attention. In order to handle the problem of nodes deployment, we therefore propose a dynamic nodes deployment algorithm where every node in the network is assigned location in a quick and efficient way without needing any localization scheme. It provides an option to handle the heterogeneous types of nodes, distribute topology and mechanism in which new nodes are easily added to the network without affecting the existing network performance. The proposed distributed topology algorithm divides the pipeline length into segments and sub-segments in order to manage the higher delay issue. Normally nodes are randomly deployed for the long range underwater pipeline inspection yet it requires some proper dynamic nodes deployment algorithm assigning unique position to each nod
Etiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of infective endocarditis: 10-year experience from a tertiary care center in Pakistan
This study was conducted to assess the clinical characteristics, causative agents, complications, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) among patients presenting to our tertiary care center over the last decade. This retrospective cohort study included all adult patients admitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital with the diagnosis of IE over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. Outcomes variables included complications during hospitalization, surgical intervention, mortality, and length of stay. We identified a total of 305 cases out of which 176 (58%) were males and 129 (42%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 46.9±18.8 years. 95 (31%) had prosthetic valves in place. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 54 (39%) patients followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 23 (17%). Echocardiography revealed vegetations and abscesses in 236 (77%) and 4 (1%) patients, respectively. The most common valvular complication was mitral valve regurgitation found in 26 (9%) patients, followed by tricuspid valve regurgitation in 13 (4%) patients and aortic valve regurgitation in 11 (3%) patients. Furthermore, 81 (27%) patients suffered from heart failure and 66 (22%) from a stroke during hospitalization. The mean hospital length of stay was 10.4 ± 10.6 days. 64 (21%) patients required surgical repair and the overall mortality rate was 25%. Prosthetic valve endocarditis (OR = 3.74, 95% CI = 2.15-6.50,